Strait of Hormuz Tensions and India’s Energy Security

Introduction

Even though the United Nations was established after World War II to maintain global peace, the Middle East region continues to remain tense. Recently, the Iran–Israel conflict has intensified, leading to a major disruption in global energy supply. This impact is also reflected in India’s LPG and crude oil supply.

1. Importance of the Strait of Hormuz (Geography Linkage)

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow sea route connecting the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. Around 20% of the world’s oil and natural gas supply passes through this route. Hence, it is geographically referred to as a “Strategic Chokepoint”.

2. Iran–Israel Conflict and Its Impact

The conflict intensified mainly due to Iran not signing the nuclear agreement. Attempts have been made to control the Strait of Hormuz and disrupt shipping routes. Methods such as naval mines and drone attacks are being used.

3. India’s Energy Dependence (Economy Linkage)

India depends on imports for about 60% of its LPG requirements. Major import countries include Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, and Qatar. Over the past 10 years, LPG consumption has increased by 43%.

4. Current Issues

Blockage of the Strait of Hormuz → delay in ships → LPG cylinder shortage. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA): 8 million barrels of oil supply per day are affected. Fluctuations in oil prices → pressure on the Indian economy.

5. India’s Measures (Energy Security)

India is importing crude oil from 40 countries to ensure diversification. About 75% of supply is maintained through alternative sea routes. Increased oil imports from Russia (Geopolitics) is significant. The importance of Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) has increased.

6. Political and International Relations (IR Linkage)

The United States and European countries are trying to ensure maritime security. This is related to the international maritime principle of “Freedom of Navigation” under UNCLOS.

Conclusion / Way Forward

This situation is an important lesson for India. Reducing dependence on energy imports, promoting renewable energy, green hydrogen, and increasing domestic production are essential. Additionally, energy security must be strengthened through a multi-alignment foreign policy.