Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) – Complete Notes

Introduction

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is one of the most important and brutal events in the history of India’s freedom struggle.
It was a turning point that exposed the repressive nature of British rule.

Timeline

1919 → Rowlatt Act was passed
13 April 1919 → Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (Amritsar, Punjab)

Causes

1. Rowlatt Act (1919)
Gave the authority to arrest without trial;
Restricted press and civil rights.

As a result, people strongly protested.

2. Rise of Nationalism
After World War I, expectations for freedom increased.

Main Event

Place: Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar
Date: 13 April 1919 (Baisakhi festival)

Thousands of people gathered peacefully;
They protested against the Rowlatt Act.

What happened?
General Dyer ordered the troops to open fire;
All exit routes were blocked;
Firing was done without any warning.

Casualties:
Around 700 people were killed;
More than 1000 were injured.

Consequences

1. National Shock
Anger and protest spread across India.

2. Gandhi’s Response
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) was launched.

3. Loss of Faith in British Rule
Indians began demanding complete independence.

4. Hunter Commission
An inquiry was conducted;
However, no severe action was taken against Dyer.

Importance

A turning point in the Indian national movement
Exposed the brutality of British rule
Intensified the freedom struggle

Important Points for Exams

1919 – Rowlatt Act
13 April 1919 – Jallianwala Bagh
General Dyer – Ordered firing
700 deaths (approx.)
1920 – Non-Cooperation Movement

Conclusion

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
Not just a brutal incident;
It was a major factor that accelerated India’s freedom struggle.