Arunachal Pradesh – India–China Border Dispute

Textbook Connection (Polity / International Relations)

Topics covered in Political Science:
International Relations
Border Issues
National Security
Relations with Neighboring Countries

Basic Concept (School Concept)

India–China border: McMahon Line (1914) → accepted by India
China → does not accept
Arunachal Pradesh → a state of India
China claims it as “South Tibet”

Current Affairs

China is assigning new names to some places in Arunachal Pradesh
India strongly rejects this
Affirms that “these are Indian territories”

Major Events

1962 → India–China War
2019 → Mamallapuram Summit (Modi – Xi Jinping)
2020 → Galwan Valley Clash
20 Indian soldiers martyred
2023 → China renamed 11 places
Currently → continued attempts of renaming

China’s Objective

Attempts to portray Arunachal Pradesh as its own territory
In border areas:
Military and infrastructure development
In neighboring countries:
(Pakistan, Sri Lanka) strategic pressure through investments

India’s Actions

In border areas:
Development of roads, bridges, and military facilities
Schemes:
“Vibrant Villages Programme”
For the military:
Authority for faster decision-making

Exam-Oriented Linkage

Integration of Polity + Geography + Current Affairs
Border issues → National Security
International relations → Bilateral negotiations
Sovereignty → Highly important

Key Concept (Exam Point)

Renaming does not change territorial ownership
India has the responsibility to protect its borders

Summary

Arunachal Pradesh is an integral part of India
China exerts political and strategic pressure
India focuses on both security and development
This is an important topic in International Relations and National Security